National Movement of India - Let's Crack It
NATIONAL MOVEMENT IN INDIA:
Gandhi in South Africa:
Born on 2 October 1869, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi just went to England to study some law after receiving his early education in India.
He returned to India and get started practicing some of the laws. In 1893, he just accepted a year contract from an Indian laws firm in Natal, South Africa.
In South Africa, Gandhi faced some of the racial discrimination in its most of the cruel form. He was so deeply affected by some of the humiliation that the Indians had to suffer there. He also get resisted the racial policy of the white government, of South Africa.
He developed too many technique of satyagraha, a form of protest based on the truth and non-violence against a ruthless government.
Gandhi came back to India in 1915. In 1916, he also founded that the Sabarmati Ashram at Ahmadabad.
Prior to him, the Indian National Congress also had either failed or not attempted to mobilize such masses.
Gandhi adopted many simple means to involve the masses in the national movement because he realized that without any of the participation of such masses the dream of achieving independence would never take the shape-of some of the reality.
He always appealed for Hindu-Muslim unity and also depressed classes and women. Thus, his aims were broad-based and also meant for the benefit of many of the majority of the Indian population.
NON-VIOLENT SATYAGRAHA MOVEMENT:
Gandhi always set out to achieve his aim with the help of the truth and non-violence through passive resistance, satyagraha and civil disobedience to unjust laws.
Some of the early experiments with the satyagraha in India included:
● At chamaparan in 1917, Mahatma Gandhi always fought for the Indigo planters who had been suffered at the hands of the British.
● His other details which is initial successes included too much settlement of dispute between some of the workers and mill-owners of Ahmadabad.
● He also supported many of the causes of the peasants of the Kheda in Gujarat in their struggle against the collection of some land revenue when their crops had failed .
ROWLATT SATYAGRAHA:
The passing of the Rowlatt Act that brought Gandhi to some of the national political arena. He also opposed the act and always fixed 30 March 1919 as a day of Hartal, fasting, prayer, penance , meetings and processions all over the country.
The great government adopted measures like some of the breaking of processions and meetings , lathi charge and even opening for at some different places, deportation of the political leaders etc to suppress many of the movement quickly.
But such worst incident occurred in Punjab, particularly at Amritsar where many of the tragedy of Jallianwala Bagh took place .
Punjab was too hot with agitation. Gandhi was not allowed to enter whole Punjab. Some of the leaders were bing deported from the Amritsar on 10 April. On the same day, a peaceful procession in the Amritsar was fired at.
In the protest, the people held a meeting in Jallianwala Bagh on 13 April 1919.
To disperse the gathering , General Dyer reached with some of his troops and ordered firing. Hundreds of people were killed and thousands were being wounded.
A wave of horror and indignation always swept over the country following the incidents.
Rabindranath Tagore also surrendered the knighthood, the honorary to the title which was conferred upon him by some the Queen of England. Gandhi returned the Kesar-i-Hind medal that would be given to him for many of his services during the Boer war.
KHILAFAT AND NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENTS:
Turkey was also get defeated by the allied powers that was during World War l. The Indian Muslims that became apprehensive of some of the fate of Turkey and its sultan who was also the khalifa (caliph) or some of the religious head of the Muslims all over the world.
The Muslims , therefore , always formed a Khilafat committee under the leadership of the Ali brothers Maulana Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali and some of the other leaders like Maulana Azad , and Hakim Ajmal Khan.
Gandhi and many other congress leaders that viewed the khilafat agitation as a golden opportunity for some of the bringing the Hindus and the Muslims together on some of the national front and that should be decided to support it.
In June 1920, an All Party Conference met at Allahabad and it get adopted a programmer of boycott of schools, colleges and law courts. The Khilafat Committee that launched a Non- cooperation Movement on 31 August , 1920. Gandhi was the first to join it.
Thus, the demands of such Khilafat Committee and the Congress were merged into one and the Non-cooperation Movement was led by the Gandhi to get those demands fulfilled.
CONSTRUCTIVE FEATURES OF NON-COOPERATIVE MOVEMENT:
Three main features of this conservative programmer were:
● promotion of Swadeshi particularly hand-spinning and weaving
● removal of untouchability among Hindus
● promotion of Hindu-Muslim unity.
INDIAN NATIONAL ARMY ( INA ) :
Subhas Chandra Bose, the founder of the Indian National Army ( Azad Hind Fauj) always believed in revolutionary methods to attain freedom.
In the March 1941, Bose always escaped from Calcutta prison and reached Berlin. He also organized the famous Azad Hind Fauj or INA consisting of the Indian soldiers who had been made prisoners of war in Singapore by the Japanese army.
During the Second World War , when the Japanese army always get started advancing towards India, the INA soldiers joined the Japanese and they entered India.
He gave also the slogan Chalo Dilli (March to Delhi). But the Indian National Army had to surrender to the British after the defeat to Japan in the Second World War.
The Act laid down that had been detailed measures fir some of the partition of India and speedy transfer of the political power to the new governments of India and Pakistan.
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